Adults

One tablet daily, preferably with a meal, or as directed by a healthcare professional.

Elderly

Same as adult dosage, unless specific deficiencies or renal/hepatic impairments are present.

Renal_impairment

Use with caution and consult a doctor, as accumulation of certain minerals or fat-soluble vitamins may occur.

Onset

Gradual, as nutritional benefits accumulate over time with regular supplementation.

Excretion

Water-soluble vitamins and their metabolites are primarily excreted via the kidneys in urine. Excess minerals are also excreted through urine and feces. Fat-soluble vitamins are primarily eliminated via bile.

Half life

Varies widely for individual components; water-soluble vitamins have shorter half-lives, while fat-soluble vitamins can be stored and have longer effective half-lives.

Absorption

Vitamins and minerals are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily in the small intestine, through various active and passive transport mechanisms. Bioavailability varies greatly depending on the specific nutrient and formulation.

Metabolism

Individual vitamins and minerals undergo their respective metabolic pathways. Water-soluble vitamins are generally metabolized and excreted, while fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the liver and fatty tissues.

Thyroid hormones

Calcium and iron can interfere with the absorption of thyroid hormones. Separate administration by several hours.

Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin)

Vitamin K can reduce the effect of warfarin. Consult doctor.

Antibiotics (e.g., Tetracyclines, Quinolones)

Minerals like calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc can chelate with these antibiotics, reducing their absorption. Take multivitamins at least 2 hours before or after.