Adults

One tablet daily, preferably with a meal, or as directed by a physician.

Elderly

One tablet daily, preferably with a meal, or as directed by a physician. No specific dose adjustment generally required.

Renal_impairment

Use with caution and consult a physician, especially if containing significant amounts of potassium or phosphorus.

Onset

Nutritional benefits are generally observed with consistent long-term use rather than immediate onset.

Excretion

Primarily through urine for water-soluble vitamins and some minerals; bile and feces for fat-soluble vitamins and some minerals.

Half life

Highly variable, ranging from hours to days depending on the specific vitamin or mineral and its storage in the body.

Absorption

Vitamins and minerals are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract through various active and passive transport mechanisms. Absorption rates vary depending on the specific nutrient, its form, and the presence of other dietary factors.

Metabolism

Water-soluble vitamins (B, C) are generally not stored and excess is excreted. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in fat tissues and the liver. Minerals are utilized or excreted by the kidneys.

Diuretics

Some diuretics can affect mineral levels (e.g., potassium-sparing diuretics may increase potassium).

Thyroid Hormones

Calcium and iron can interfere with the absorption of thyroid hormones. Take at least 4 hours apart.

Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin)

Vitamin K can reduce the effect of anticoagulants. Consult a physician.

Tetracycline and Quinolone Antibiotics

Minerals (e.g., iron, calcium, zinc) can interfere with the absorption of these antibiotics. Take at least 2 hours apart.