Adults

Typically, 5 ml once daily, administered intramuscularly or intravenously, or as directed by a physician. Dosage may vary based on the severity of deficiency and patient's condition.

Elderly

No specific dosage adjustment is typically required, but caution is advised in patients with impaired renal function. Consult a physician.

Renal_impairment

Use with caution. Dosage adjustment may be necessary for certain components, especially minerals. Consult a physician.

Onset

Within minutes to hours, depending on the specific nutrient and deficiency severity.

Excretion

Primarily renal excretion for water-soluble components, while fat-soluble components may be excreted via bile and feces or stored.

Half life

Highly variable, depending on the specific vitamin or mineral component. Water-soluble vitamins have shorter half-lives than fat-soluble ones.

Absorption

Rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream after intramuscular or intravenous administration.

Metabolism

Metabolized according to the specific pathways for each vitamin and mineral (e.g., phosphorylation for B vitamins, liver metabolism for fat-soluble vitamins).

Diuretics

Some diuretics can alter the excretion of certain minerals (e.g., potassium-sparing diuretics may increase potassium levels).

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

Long-term PPI use may reduce the absorption of Vitamin B12 and magnesium, requiring supplementation.

Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)

High doses of Vitamin K can counteract the effects of warfarin. Monitor INR closely.

Certain antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones)

Minerals like calcium, magnesium, and zinc can interfere with the absorption of certain antibiotics when administered concurrently. Separate administration by several hours.