Adults

Typically 1 tablet daily, or as directed by a physician.

Elderly

Same as adult dosage, unless specific medical conditions require adjustment.

Renal_impairment

Generally safe, but caution may be advised for specific minerals in severe renal impairment. Consult a physician.

Onset

Nutritional benefits are gradual and cumulative, typically observed over weeks of consistent supplementation.

Excretion

Water-soluble vitamins are primarily excreted via urine. Excess minerals are typically excreted via urine or feces.

Half life

Varies significantly among individual vitamins and minerals. Water-soluble vitamins like B vitamins have relatively short half-lives and are excreted in urine.

Absorption

Vitamins and minerals are absorbed primarily in the small intestine, with varying rates depending on the specific nutrient and presence of other factors like food or gastric pH. Methylcobalamin absorption requires intrinsic factor.

Metabolism

B vitamins act as coenzymes in various metabolic pathways. Methylcobalamin is metabolically active directly. Minerals are generally not metabolized but are utilized in their elemental forms.

Anticonvulsants

May decrease folic acid levels.

Proton Pump Inhibitors

May reduce B12 absorption over long-term use.

Certain antibiotics (e.g., tetracycline)

May interact with mineral absorption.