Adults

Typical dose for most infections is 500 mg twice daily. Duration of treatment varies based on infection type and severity (e.g., 7-14 days).

Elderly

Dose adjustment may be necessary based on renal function. Generally, the same dosage as adults is used unless renal impairment is present.

Renal_impairment

Dose must be adjusted based on creatinine clearance (e.g., for CrCl 30-60 mL/min, 250-500 mg every 12 hours; for CrCl <30 mL/min, 250-500 mg every 18-24 hours).

Onset

Antibacterial activity begins within 1-2 hours.

Excretion

Primarily excreted by the kidneys (approximately 40-50% as unchanged drug and 10-15% as metabolites). Fecal excretion accounts for about 20-35% of the dose.

Half life

Plasma elimination half-life is typically 3-5 hours in adults with normal renal function.

Absorption

Rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, with bioavailability of approximately 70-80%. Peak plasma concentrations are achieved within 1-2 hours.

Metabolism

Approximately 15-30% of the dose is metabolized in the liver via CYP1A2 to less active metabolites.

NSAIDs

Increased risk of CNS stimulation and convulsions when co-administered with high doses of ciprofloxacin.

Caffeine

Reduced clearance of caffeine, potentially leading to increased caffeine effects.

Warfarin

Increased anticoagulant effects, requiring INR monitoring.

Tizanidine

Increased plasma concentrations of tizanidine, leading to hypotension and sedation.

Theophylline

Increased plasma concentrations of theophylline, leading to toxicity.

Antacids, Iron/Zinc supplements, Dairy products

Reduced absorption of ciprofloxacin.