Adults

Typically 250 mg to 750 mg orally twice daily, depending on the type and severity of infection.

Elderly

Dosage should be adjusted based on renal function. No specific dose reduction is needed solely for age.

Renal_impairment

For creatinine clearance (CrCl) between 30-50 mL/min, 250-500 mg every 12 hours. For CrCl < 30 mL/min, 250-500 mg every 18-24 hours.

Onset

Varies depending on the type and severity of infection, typically within hours.

Excretion

Primarily excreted renally (approximately 50-70% as unchanged drug) and to a lesser extent via the faecal route.

Half life

Approximately 3-5 hours in adults with normal renal function.

Absorption

Rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; bioavailability is approximately 70-80%.

Metabolism

Partially metabolized in the liver, forming several metabolites, some of which have antimicrobial activity.

Warfarin

May enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, increasing bleeding risk.

Tizanidine

Concomitant use is contraindicated due to increased tizanidine plasma concentrations, which can lead to hypotension and sedation.

Cyclosporine

May increase serum cyclosporine levels.

Theophylline

Increases serum concentrations of theophylline, potentially leading to toxicity.

Antacids/Iron/Zinc

Reduces absorption of ciprofloxacin; administer ciprofloxacin 2 hours before or 6 hours after these agents.