Adults

Typical dosage is 250-750 mg twice daily, depending on the severity and type of infection. Treatment duration varies, usually 5-14 days.

Elderly

No specific dose adjustment is required solely based on age; however, renal function should be assessed and dose adjusted accordingly.

Renal_impairment

For creatinine clearance 30-60 mL/min, 250-500 mg every 12 hours. For creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, 250-500 mg every 18-24 hours.

Onset

0.5-2 hours

Excretion

Primarily via renal excretion (50-70% as unchanged drug) and some fecal excretion (15-30%).

Half life

3-5 hours (in individuals with normal renal function)

Absorption

Rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (bioavailability 70-80%). Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 0.5-2 hours.

Metabolism

Partially metabolized in the liver to four less active metabolites (desethyleneciprofloxacin, sulfociprofloxacin, oxociprofloxacin, and formylciprofloxacin).

Caffeine

Decreased clearance of caffeine, leading to increased half-life and potential for adverse effects.

Warfarin

May enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, requiring INR monitoring.

Cyclosporine

Increased serum creatinine and potential nephrotoxicity.

Methotrexate

Increases methotrexate levels, potentially increasing its toxicity.

Theophylline

Increases plasma concentrations of theophylline, leading to increased risk of toxicity.

Antacids (Mg, Al, Ca), Iron, Zinc supplements

Reduced oral absorption of ciprofloxacin. Administer these agents at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after ciprofloxacin.